Course notes and slides
Software source code
Please follow the software tutorial to install and run the course software. Here was the example used in class:
# Read data from a web address
batch <- read.csv('http://datasets.connectmv.com/file/batch-yields.csv')
Code used to illustrate how the q-q plot is constructed:
N <- 10
# What are the quantiles from the theoretical normal distribution?
index <- seq(1, N)
P <- (index - 0.5) / N
theoretical.quantity <- qnorm(P)
# Our sampled data:
yields <- c(86.2, 85.7, 71.9, 95.3, 77.1, 71.4, 68.9, 78.9, 86.9, 78.4)
mean.yield <- mean(yields) # 80.0
sd.yield <- sd(yields) # 8.35
# What are the quantiles for the sampled data?
yields.z <- (yields - mean.yield)/sd.yield
yields.z
yields.z.sorted <- sort(yields.z)
# Compare the values in text:
yields.z.sorted
theoretical.quantity
# Compare them graphically:
plot(theoretical.quantity, yields.z.sorted, asp=1)
abline(a=0, b=1)
# Built-in R function to do all the above for you:
qqnorm(yields)
qqline(yields)
# A better function: see http://learnche.mcmaster.ca/4C3/Software_tutorial/Extending_R_with_packages
library(car)
qqPlot(yields)
Code used to illustrate the central limit theorem's reduction in variance:
# Show the 3 plots side by side
layout(matrix(c(1,2,3), 1, 3))
# Sample the population:
N <- 100
x <- rnorm(N, mean=80, sd=5)
mean(x)
sd(x)
# Plot the raw data
x.range <- range(x)
plot(x, ylim=x.range, main='Raw data')
# Subgroups of 2
subsize <- 2
x.2 <- numeric(N/subsize)
for (i in 1:(N/subsize))
{
x.2[i] <- mean(x[((i-1)*subsize+1):(i*subsize)])
}
plot(x.2, ylim=x.range, main='Subgroups of 2')
# Subgroups of 4
subsize <- 4
x.4 <- numeric(N/subsize)
for (i in 1:(N/subsize))
{
x.4[i] <- mean(x[((i-1)*subsize+1):(i*subsize)])
}
plot(x.4, ylim=x.range, main='Subgroups of 4')
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