Latent variable methods and applications (2012)
Revision as of 21:05, 14 January 2019 by Kevin Dunn (talk | contribs) (→Code that shows least squares failing)
Class date(s): | 29 March 2012 |
Course notes
This section will be briefly covered in class on 29 March 2012. Only the basic concepts will be covered.
- Course notes. Please read the start of Chapter 6 for an overview. The rest of the chapter will not be covered in this course.
- A more complete 1-semester course on latent variable methods was taught at McMaster in 2011.
Projector overheads
A high-level overview of latent variable methods
Code that shows least squares failing
We get very different models for very small changes in the raw data when our variables are strongly correlated.
# Create data with strongly correlated X's
set.seed(0)
x1 <- rnorm(10)
x2 <- x1 * 2 + rnorm(10, sd=0.01)
x3 <- rnorm(10)
y <- 3*x1 + 4*x2 - 5*x3 + rnorm(10, sd=0.05)
plot(data.frame(x1, x2, x3, y))
mod.corr <- lm(y ~ x1 + x2 + x3)
print('Before the change')
summary(mod.corr)
confint(mod.corr)
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept) x1 x2 x3
# 0.02144 -0.95069 5.96684 -5.00735
# Change one of the entries in x1: before
# ----------------------------------------
# [1] 1.262954285 -0.326233361 1.329799263
# [4] 1.272429321 0.414641434 -1.539950042
# [7] -0.928567035 -0.294720447 -0.005767173 2.404653389
x1[1] = 1.25
# After: notice by how little we changed it!
# ------
# [1] 1.250000000 -0.326233361 1.329799263
# [4] 1.272429321 0.414641434 -1.539950042
# [7] -0.928567035 -0.294720447 -0.005767173 2.404653389
mod.updated <- lm(y ~ x1 + x2 + x3)
print('After the change')
summary(mod.updated)
confint(mod.updated)
# Coefficients:
# (Intercept) x1 x2 x3
# 0.01978 0.51850 5.23192 -5.00882
# The coefficient for x1 has flipped sign!
# Confirming that least squares is unstable with
# highly correlated data.
# R2 is 1.0 in both cases!
# S_E = 0.03323 in both cases!
Code for the rotating cube
Created using R with this code, then converted to a video file using http://ffmpeg.org/
temps<- read.csv('http://openmv.net/file/room-temperature.csv')
summary(temps)
X <- data.frame(x1=temps$FrontLeft, x2=temps$FrontRight, x3=temps$BackLeft)
# To colour-code sub-groups of outliers
library(lattice)
grouper = c(numeric(length=50)+1, numeric(length=10)+2, numeric(length=144-50-10)+1)
grouper[131] = 3
cube <- function(angle){
# Function to draw the cube at a certain viewing ``angle``
xlabels = 0
ylabels = 0
zlabels = 0
lattice.options(panel.error=NULL)
print(cloud(
X$x3 ~ X$x1 * X$x2,
cex = 1,
type="p",
groups = grouper,
pch=20,
col=c("black", "blue", "blue"),
main="",
screen = list(z = angle, x = -70, y = 0),
par.settings = list(axis.line = list(col = "transparent")),
scales = list(
col = "black", arrows=TRUE,
distance=c(0.5,0.5,0.5)
),
xlab="x1",
ylab="x2",
zlab="x3",
zoom = 1.0
)
)
}
angles = seq(0, 360, 1)
for(i in angles){
if (i<10) {
filename <- paste("00", as.character(i), ".jpg", sep="")
} else if (i<100) {
filename <- paste("0", as.character(i), ".jpg", sep="")
} else {
filename <- paste("", as.character(i), ".jpg", sep="")
}
jpeg(file=filename, height = 1000, width = 1000, quality=100, res=300)
cube(i)
dev.off()
}
# Install "ffmpeg" to stitch the JPG files into an animation
system("ffmpeg -r 20 -b 1800 -i %03d.jpg animated-spinning-cube.mp4")